There is no permanent friend or enemy in international politics or domestic politics. Interest prevails over everything. Every state protects its national interest. Many changes have occurred in Indo-Russian relations in the last two decades. Russia has been a strategic ally of India during the Cold War.
Indo-Russian relations existed on three pillars during the Cold War (1) Soviet arms exports to India, 2. Shared public-sector-heavy economic philosophy 3. US-Pakistan-China vs. Indo-Soviet geopolitical alignment.
The disintegration of the USSR, the emergence of China as a superpower, the US-China rivalry, the Russian-China strategic partnership, and the Indo-US strategic partnership have affected Indo-Russian relations. Now only one pillar exists, that is Russian arms exports to India. India has to rely on Russia to get the spare parts of the equipment, and for the upgradation of its equipment. However, Russia competes in the Indian arms market.
According to Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), Russian equipment was the largest import by the Indian Military in the last decade. Now this import of arms has shrunk by nearly half from 2012 to 2021. In recent years, India has changed its policy. Now India is more focused on developing its defense industry, and getting equipment and the latest technology from the West.
After the Russian invasion on Ukraine last year in February, major powers condemned Russian aggression. India was initially reluctant to condemn Russian aggression towards Ukraine, and faced Western criticism. The Indian stance was very balanced. India restrained itself from voting against Russian aggression in the United Nations, and the Western governments were frustrated by the Indian behaviour. However, India ramped up its purchasing of Russian oil since the Ukraine war began, which was very concerning for the West. In mid of March 2022, the spokesperson of the White House, Jen Psaki, questioned India on its Russian stance, asking where it would be when history is being written.
In September last year, India for the first time changed its policy towards Russia. It voted against it, backing Inviting Ukrainian President Zelensky to deliver a speech at the Security Council via video. Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi showed his concerns at the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) summit in Samarkand in September last year, and told President Putin that this era is not one of war. Modi’s remarks seem to have admonished President Putin, and these were described as “significant” by US Secretary of State Anthony Blinken. Political Analyst Happymon Jacob explains that Delhi is shifting its strategy from Russia to the USA. Both (the USA and India) are coming close strategically, which is a major shift in Indian policy.
The shape of the future geopolitical framework is very clear. India is moving towards the USA to deter China, and India is underway to withdraw from its strategic partnership with Russia. This decoupling will take place slowly. However, India will depend on Russia until it does not find an alternate military supplier such as the USA, France, and Israel. The USA provides arms and ammunition to India with some conditions (unlike France or Russia). Growing diplomatic trust between The USA and India will enhance the defence ties.
Russia has veto power in the Security Council of the United Nations; it has played a key role for India in the past. It assisted India at every forum of the United Nations, and opposed the adoption of resolutions or sanctions against India. Indian policymakers today think that France and the USA would play the same role as Russia has been playing for India, and would protect its interests at the Security Council.
India and the USA are strategic partners. This partnership is deepening with time. India is protecting the USA’s interest in this region against China, which is the rival of both (the USA and India). The relationship between China and India is getting worse with the passing of every day. India considers China a potential threat to its national security. China and Russia are coming close strategically to countering US hegemony in this region, which concerns India. Indian concerns are growing that China may influence Russia on the Security Council in China’s favour. Indian policymakers think that if skirmishes between Chinese forces and Indian troops occur again in the Himalayan region, China will pressure Russia to stop providing arms and ammunition to India and diplomatic backing.
India is going into the Western camp, and decoupling itself slowly from Russia but steadily, which is not surprising for the strategic community. Both countries have a long history of strategic partnership, and a great deal of cooperation during the Cold War. Now both counties seem like they need more natural strategic partners.
The shape of the future geopolitical framework is very clear. India is moving towards the USA to deter China, and India is underway to withdraw from its strategic partnership with Russia. This decoupling will take place slowly. However, India will depend on Russia until it does not find an alternate military supplier such as the USA, France, and Israel. The USA provides arms and ammunition to India with some conditions (unlike France or Russia). Growing diplomatic trust between The USA and India will enhance the defence ties.